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William Houlder Zachariasen
(Fredrik) William Houlder "Fred" Zachariasen (5 February 1906 Langesund – 24 December 1979 Santa Fe, New Mexico) was a Norwegian-American physicist, specializing in X-ray crystallography and famous for his work on the structure of glass.
==Career==
Zachariasen published his first article in 1925 when he was 19 years old, after having presented the contents of the article to the Norwegian Academy of Sciences in the preceding year. Over a span of 55 years he published over 200 scientific papers, many of which he was the sole author. In 1928 at the age of 22 he earned his PhD from the University of Oslo, becoming the youngest person ever to receive a PhD in Norway. His thesis advisor was the famous geochemist Victor Moritz Goldschmidt. In the years 1928–1929, as a postdoctoral fellow in Manchester in the laboratory of Sir Lawrence Bragg, Zachariasen began his studies on the physical structure of silicates. His work led to the first real understanding of the structure of glass. He returned to the University of Oslo but, within a year, accepted an offer from the Nobel laureate Arthur Compton. In 1930 Zachariasen, at the age of 24, became a member of the faculty of physics at the University of Chicago. In 1935–1936 he was a Guggenheim Fellow.〔(William Houlder Zachariasen - John Simon Guggeheim Memorial Foundation )〕 In 1941 Zachariasen became an American citizen and then, from 1943 to 1945, worked on the Manhattan Project. In 1945 he published his important monograph ''Theory of X-ray Diffraction in Crystals''.〔 In 1945 Wiley published ''Theory of X-Ray Diffraction in Crystals''. Dover published an unabridged reprint in 1967 and then again in 2004〕 In 1948–1949 he published 29 papers. From 1945 to 1950 and again from 1955 to 1959 Zachariasen was the chair of the physics department at the University of Chicago. In 1963 Zachariasen examined a well-known discrepancy between the calculated and measured intensities of diffraction X-ray beams by making careful measurements of diffraction intensities from a target consisting of the mineral Hambergite. Using his experiment data, he reconsidered the prevailing widely accepted and extensively used theory. In a paper published in 1963, he showed that C. G. Darwin's formula for the secondary extinction correction contained an error in the treatment of the polarization of the X-ray beams.〔
〕 In 1967 Zachariasen published a general theory of X-ray diffraction in crystals that gave more precise estimates for X-diffraction intensities. In 1968 he published a theory that took into account both extinction and the Borrmann effect for X-ray diffraction in mosaic crystals.
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